Alexander gets high marks from many historians for two reasons. Life for them would not really change until the first crusade in 1096.ġ855: Alexander II becomes Czar of Russia. The change in dynasties would not have an immediate effect on the Jews living in France. During the reign of Carolingians the Jews were active in commerce, medicine and agriculture, especially in the field of viticulture a fact of which we are reminded when we study about Rashi. Louis le Débonnaire who reigned from 814 to 833 was another of the Carolingians who gave special protection to his Jewish subjects. Charlemagne was the most famous of the Carolingian rulers and he supported his Jewish subjects despite opposition from church leaders. Louis was the last of the Carolingian, a dynasty under whom the Jews had done rather well, all things considered. Unfortunately for the Jews he was followed by Hadrian who was even crueler than his predecessor. Trajan did not get to savor his victory since he died in 117. 117(12th of Adar, 3877): As the rebellion by Disapora Jews against the Roman Empire of Trajan came to an unsuccessful close, two Jewish brothers who had been leaders in the revolt, Pappus and Julianus were executed at Laodicea in Syria.
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